Overview of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adults in São Paulo, Brazil: Prevalence and Associated Factors in 2008 and 2015

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in Brazil. Objective To provide population-based data on prevalence and factors associated with CVD risk factors. Methods Individuals aged ≥20 years from two editions of the cross-sectional Health Survey of São Paulo focusing on Nutrition (ISA-Nutrition), performed in Sao Paulo city in 2008 (n=590) and 2015 (n=610), were evaluated for: obesity, central obesity, waist/height ratio, high blood pressure (HBP), dyslipidemia, diabetes, and number of CVD risk factors ≥3. Prevalence was estimated according to complex survey procedures. Factors associated with cardiovascular risk factors were assessed using logistic regression, with statistical significance of p<0.05. Results Obesity and older age were associated with higher odds of all cardiovascular risk factors investigated, except for dyslipidemia. HBP was positively associated with being Black/Brown and negatively associated with being physicaly active in leisure time. Women were more likely to have increased adiposity indicators and three or more cardiovascular risk factors than men. Those with higher education had lower chances of having diabetes, HBP and dyslipidemia, and those with higher income had higher chances of having three or more risk factors. Former smokers had higher odds of diabetes, obesity, and high waist/height ratio, and smokers had higher odds of high non-HDL cholesterol levels. From 2008 to 2015, there was an increase (p<0.001) in the prevalence of diabetes (6.9% to 17.3%), HBP (31.9% to 41.8%), dyslipidemia (51.3% to 67.6%), and number of CVD risk factors ≥3 (18.9% to 34.1%). Conclusion This study shows increasing prevalence of CVD risk factors in adult population in Sao Paulo and may support the definition of target groups and priority actions on CVD prevention and treatment.

A chrononutrition perspective of diet quality and eating behaviors of Brazilian adolescents in associated with sleep duration.

It is well recognized that sleep and food intake exhibit 24-h patterns and disturbances of these patterns can lead to health problems. Cross-sectional and prospective studies suggest that diet quality and eating behaviors are negatively affected by short sleep duration. Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period for the emergence of inadequate sleep and diet patterns. The aim of the study was to investigate associations, from a chrononutrition perspective, of diet quality, nutrients intake, and eating behaviors (eating frequency, eating period, and time-interval between eating occasions) in relation to sleep duration among a multi-ethnic cohort of Brazilian adolescents. Data were collected by the 2015 ISA-Capital survey, a population-based cross-sectional study comprising 419 adolescents of both sexes (12-19 years old) of São Paulo, Brazil. Demographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric, and lifestyle, including sleep duration, data were obtained from an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Dietary data were obtained by 24-h dietary recall (24-HDR), and diet quality was assessed by the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index - Revised (BHEI-R), validated for the Brazilian population. The independent associations between sleep duration categories (i.e., <8 h as short sleep and 8-10 h as adequate sleep), and dietary variables were assessed after adjustments for covariates. Multiple linear, logistic, and Poison regression models were used, depending on the variable. Diet quality, nutrients intake, and eating behaviors differed according to adolescents' sleep duration. Approximately 36% of adolescents were sleep deprived. They presented poorer diet quality (53 points, p = .034) and eating behaviors characterized by lower probability of having lunch (88%, p < .001) and dinner (71%, p < .001) and higher probabilities of eating breakfast (87%, p < .001) and morning snack (26%, p = .001). These adolescents compared to those with adequate sleep duration also had, from snacks and in the 24-h cycle, higher contribution of available carbohydrates (8%, p < .001; 50%, p = .024) and total sugar (6%, p < .001; 21%, p < .001) and added sugar (3%, p < .001; 15%, p < .001). The chrononutrition characteristics of sleep-deprived adolescents were marked by longer eating periods (12 h, p < .001) and time-interval between eating occasions (3 h, p < .001) than adolescents with adequate sleep duration. These differences point to the relevance of the interrelation between sleep and diet, i.e., disruption of circadian cycles and consequent metabolic health problems, to inform public health policies and clinical interventions.

Excess body weight in the city of São Paulo: panorama from 2003 to 2015, associated factors and projection for the next years.

BACKGROUND: Excess body weight (EBW: overweight and obesity) has high and rising prevalence in Brazil. Up-to-date information about the distribution and changes in the prevalence of EBW and their associated factors are essential to determine target groups and to identify priority actions. The aim of this study was to investigate the associated factors and to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adolescent and adult population of the city of São Paulo in the years of 2003, 2008, and 2015, as well as to estimate the prediction for the next years. METHODS: Individuals aged 12 years and older from three editions of the Health Survey of São Paulo (ISA-Capital), a cross-sectional population-based survey, carried out in 2003 (n = 2144), 2008 (n = 2599), and 2015 (n = 3939), had their socioeconomic, anthropometric, and lifestyle data collected at households. Individuals were classified according to their age and BMI as: without excess body weight, overweight, or obese. Differences were evaluated through Pearson's Chi-square test and comparison of 95% CI. Generalized ordered logit models were used to evaluate factors associated to overweight/obesity and logistic regression models were used to predict their prevalence for the next years. RESULTS: The prevalence (95% CI) of obesity in total population doubled: from 10% (8.0, 12.5) in 2003 to 19.2% (17.8, 20.6) in 2015. The main increase occurred in female adolescents from 2.5% (1.2, 5.3) to 11.2% (8.4, 14.7) and adults, from 9.2% (6.4, 13.1) to 22.3% (20.0, 24.8). Those with higher chance of having EBW were adults, those with higher income, and former smokers. The prevalence of EBW increased 31% from 2003 to 2008, and 126% from 2003 to 2015, when half of the population had EBW. If this pattern does not change, 77% of the population is expected to have EBW by 2030. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings present up-to-date information about the distribution of EBW, which increased substantially over a short time and more prominently in specific groups. The factors associated with EBW may provide important information for decision makers and researchers to create or review the existing programs and interventions in order to decrease the trend for the next years.

2015 Health Survey of São Paulo with Focus in Nutrition: Rationale, Design, and Procedures.

This paper describes the design, sampling methods, and data collection procedures, with particular focus on dietary data, used for the 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo (Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo, 2015 ISA-Capital) with Focus in Nutrition Study (2015 ISA-Nutrition). The ISA is a household cross-sectional, population-based survey that uses complex, stratified, multistage sampling to create a representative sample of residents from urban São Paulo, Brazil. The 2015 ISA-Nutrition comprised a sub-sample of the 2015 ISA-Capital and intended to include 300 adolescents (aged 12 to 19 years), 300 adults (aged 20 to 59 years), and 300 older adults (aged ≥60 years). From February 2015 to February 2016, 1737 individuals answered the first 24-h dietary recall (24HR), and 901 individuals consented to have their blood sample collected, to undergo anthropometric and blood pressure assessment, and to answer the second 24HR. The 2015 ISA-Nutrition aims to evaluate lifestyle-related modifiable factors in São Paulo's residents, as well as their association with biochemical and genetic markers, and environmental aspects related to cardiometabolic risk factors. This paper concludes that 2015 ISA-Nutrition may provide valuable insights into the cardiometabolic risk factors in a big city in an upper middle-income country and contribute to the formulation of health and nutritional policies.

2015 Health Survey of São Paulo with Focus in Nutrition: Rationale, Design, and Procedures

This paper describes the design, sampling methods, and data collection procedures, with particular focus on dietary data, used for the 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo (Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo, 2015 ISA-Capital) with Focus in Nutrition Study (2015 ISA-Nutrition). The ISA is a household cross-sectional, population-based survey that uses complex, stratified, multistage sampling to create a representative sample of residents from urban São Paulo, Brazil. The 2015 ISA-Nutrition comprised a sub-sample of the 2015 ISA-Capital and intended to include 300 adolescents (aged 12 to 19 years), 300 adults (aged 20 to 59 years), and 300 older adults (aged ≥60 years). From February 2015 to February 2016, 1737 individuals answered the first 24-h dietary recall (24HR), and 901 individuals consented to have their blood sample collected, to undergo anthropometric and blood pressure assessment, and to answer the second 24HR. The 2015 ISA-Nutrition aims to evaluate lifestyle-related modifiable factors in São Paulo's residents, as well as their association with biochemical and genetic markers, and environmental aspects related to cardiometabolic risk factors. This paper concludes that 2015 ISA-Nutrition may provide valuable insights into the cardiometabolic risk factors in a big city in an upper middle-income country and contribute to the formulation of health and nutritional policies.

[Domains of physical activity and education in São Paulo, Brazil: a serial cross-sectional study in 2003 and 2008]. / Domínios de atividade física e escolaridade em São Paulo, Brasil: estudo transversal seriado, 2003 e 2008.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of physical activity in different domains and the association with schooling, using a serial cross-sectional population-based design comparing data from two editions of a health survey in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Participation included 1,667 adults in 2003 and 2,086 in 2008. Probabilistic sampling was performed by two-stage clusters. The long version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) allowed evaluating multiple domains of physical activity. Poisson regression was used. Men were more active in their leisure time and at work and women in the home. Schooling was associated directly with leisure-time activity (2003 and 2008) and inversely with work-related physical activity (2003) for men and for women in housework. The studies showed that Brazilians with less schooling are becoming less active, so that intervention strategies should consider different educational levels. Interventions in the urban space and transportation can increase the opportunities for physical activity and broaden access by the population.

Domínios de atividade física e escolaridade em São Paulo, Brasil: estudo transversal seriado, 2003 e 2008 / Domains of physical activity and education in São Paulo, Brazil: a serial cross-sectional study in 2003 and 2008 / Los dominios de actividad física y educación en São Paulo: estudio transversal, serie 2003 y 2008

O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência de atividade física em diferentes domínios e a sua associação com escolaridade. Trata-se de estudo seriado de base populacional de duas edições do Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo, Brasil. Participaram 1.667 adultos, em 2003, e 2.086, em 2008. Amostragem probabilística foi realizada por conglomerados em dois estágios. O International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) longo permitiu avaliar diversos domínios de atividade física. Foi utilizada regressão de Poisson. Os homens foram mais ativos no lazer e no trabalho; as mulheres, no lar. Encontrou-se aumento de ativos no deslocamento e na atividade total em homens e, também, no trabalho, entre as mulheres. A escolaridade foi associada de forma direta com lazer (2003 e 2008) e de forma inversa com o trabalho (2003), para os homens, e casa, para as mulheres; pessoas com menor nível de escolaridade estão se tornando menos ativas. As estratégias de intervenção devem considerar os níveis de escolaridade. Intervenções no espaço urbano e no transporte podem aumentar a oportunidade e o acesso mais amplo da população à atividade física.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of physical activity in different domains and the association with schooling, using a serial cross-sectional population-based design comparing data from two editions of a health survey in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Participation included 1,667 adults in 2003 and 2,086 in 2008. Probabilistic sampling was performed by two-stage clusters. The long version of International Physical Activity Questionnarie (IPAQ) allowed evaluating multiple domains of physical activity. Poisson regression was used. Men were more active in their leisure time and at work and women in the home. Schooling was associated directly with leisure-time activity (2003 and 2008) and inversely with work-related physical activity (2003) for men and for women in housework. The studies showed that Brazilians with less schooling are becoming less active, so that intervention strategies should consider different educational levels. Interventions in the urban space and transportation can increase the opportunities for physical activity and broaden access by the population.

El objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia de actividad física en diversos campos y su asociación con la escolaridad. Se realizó una serie basada en la población de dos ediciones de la Encuesta Municipal de Salud de São Paulo, Brasil. 1.667 adultos en 2003 y 2.086 participaron en 2008. Se realizó un muestreo probabilístico por conglomerados en dos etapas. El International Physical Activity Questionnarie (IPAQ) largo permite evaluar múltiples dominios de actividad física. Se utilizó la regresión de Poisson. Los hombres estaban más activos en el ocio y en el trabajo, y las mujeres en casa. El incremento de activos en desplazamiento y actividad total en los hombres y, también en el trabajo, entre las mujeres. La escolarización estaba directamente asociada con el ocio (2003 y 2008), y de forma inversa, con el trabajo (2003) para hombres y mujeres, además, las personas con menor nivel de educación son cada vez menos activas. Las estrategias de intervención deben considerar los niveles de escolaridad. Las intervenciones en el espacio urbano y en el transporte pueden aumentar la oportunidad y el acceso más amplio de la población a la actividad física.

[Folic acid intake before and after mandatory fortification: a population-based study in São Paulo, Brazil]. / Ingestão de folato nos períodos pré e pós-fortificação mandatória: estudo de base populacional em São Paulo, Brasil.

This study analyzed folic acid intake before and since mandatory fortification. Dietary data were collected by 24-hour recall in a health survey in São Paulo (ISA-Capital) in 2003 and 2007-2008, stratifying the population according to life stage and gender. Estimated average requirement (EAR) and tolerable upper intake level (UL) were used to assess intake. Prevalence of inadequate folic acid intake decreased in all groups, especially adolescents and adult males (72% to < 1% and 76% to 6%, respectively) but remained high in adult women (38%). Beans were the main source of folic acid before fortification. With fortification, bread became the main source, but beans remained important. Fortification was successful (increased intake within safe levels), but it raised concerns about the high proportion in the target group (adult women) who still fail to meet the recommended intake.

Ingestão de folato nos períodos pré e pós-fortificação mandatória: estudo de base populacional em São Paulo, Brasil / Folic acid intake before and after mandatory fortification: a population-based study in São Paulo, Brazil / Ingesta de folatos en la prefortificación o posfortificación: estudio de base poblacional en São Paulo, Brasil

Analisou-se a ingestão de folato nos períodos pré e pós-fortificação. Os dados dietéticos foram coletados por recordatório de 24 horas (R24h) no Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo (ISA-Capital) em 2003 e 2007/2008, estratificando-se a população segundo fase da vida e sexo. Utilizaram-se os valores de recomendação: necessidade média estimada (EAR) e nível máximo de ingestão tolerada (UL) e o método "EAR como ponto de corte" para estimar a inadequação da ingestão. Houve redução na prevalência de inadequação da ingestão de folato em todos os estratos, com destaque para os adolescentes e adultos do sexo masculino, de 72% para < 1% e de 76% para 6%, mas nas mulheres adultas a inadequação permaneceu elevada (38%). Antes da fortificação, o feijão foi o alimento que mais contribuiu para a ingestão de folato; após, o maior contribuinte passou a ser o pão, porém o feijão permaneceu importante. A fortificação foi bem-sucedida (aumentou a ingestão dentro de níveis seguros), porém, gera preocupação a elevada proporção no grupo alvo, mulheres adultas, que não atingem a recomendação para ingestão de folato.

This study analyzed folic acid intake before and since mandatory fortification. Dietary data were collected by 24-hour recall in a health survey in São Paulo (ISA-Capital) in 2003 and 2007-2008, stratifying the population according to life stage and gender. Estimated average requirement (EAR) and tolerable upper intake level (UL) were used to assess intake. Prevalence of inadequate folic acid intake decreased in all groups, especially adolescents and adult males (72% to < 1% and 76% to 6%, respectively) but remained high in adult women (38%). Beans were the main source of folic acid before fortification. With fortification, bread became the main source, but beans remained important. Fortification was successful (increased intake within safe levels), but it raised concerns about the high proportion in the target group (adult women) who still fail to meet the recommended intake.

Se analizó la ingesta de folato en los periodos de pre- y posfortificación. Los datos dietéticos se recogieron mediante un recordatorio de 24 horas en la Encuesta de Salud de São Paulo (ISA-Capital) en 2003 y 2007/2008, estratificando la población según etapa de la vida y sexo. Se utilizaron los valores de recomendación: necesidad media estimada (EAR) y la ingesta máxima tolerable (UL) y el método "EAR como punto de corte" para estimar la ingesta inadecuada. Se observó una reducción en la prevalencia de ingesta inadecuada de folato en todos los grupos, especialmente en los adolescentes y adultos varones, de un 72% a < 1% y de un 76% a un 6%, no obstante, en las mujeres adultas, la inadecuación seguía siendo alta (38%). Antes de la fortificación, los frijoles son el alimento que más contribuye a la ingesta de folato, después es el pan el que también constituye una fuente de folato, pese a que los frijoles siguen siendo los más importantes. La fortificación fue exitosa (aumento de la ingesta dentro de niveles seguros), sin embargo, se plantea una preocupación por el alto porcentaje del grupo objetivo: mujeres adultas que no cumplen con la recomendación para la ingesta de ácido fólico.

Are plasma homocysteine concentrations in Brazilian adolescents influenced by the intake of the main food sources of natural folate?

BACKGROUND: Folate, a B vitamin, has been associated with a reduced concentration of plasma homocysteine (phcy), a marker of cardiovascular disease. The contribution of fruits and vegetables (FV) and other natural folate-rich foods to folate intake and folate status in Brazilian adolescents has hardly been determined. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the intake of FV and beans and its association with the concentration of phcy in adolescents. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional population-based study with a complex sample survey, with 198 adolescents who completed two 24-hour dietary recalls, a food frequency questionnaire, and a fasting blood draw. Usual dietary intake estimates were derived applying the Multiple Source Method. Three different generalized linear models with a gamma distribution were developed for each sex to evaluate the relationship between phcy and tertiles of FV intake as well as to evaluate the relationship between phcy and tertiles of FV and bean intake. RESULTS: No association was found between phcy concentration and FV intake or between phcy and FV and beans. Serum folate and female sex were inversely related to phcy. CONCLUSION: Phcy was not related to FV or FV and beans; this may be attributable to a low intake of these food groups.

[Comparison of prevalence estimates for health indicators in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil, in 2001-2002 (ISA-SP) and 2008-2009 (ISA-Camp)]. / Comparação das estimativas de prevalência de indicadores de saúde no Município de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil, nos anos de 2001/2002 (ISA-SP) e 2008/2009 (ISA-Camp).

The aim of the study was to compare prevalence estimates of health indicators for adults living in Campinas, São Paulo State, using data from two household surveys (ISA-SP 2001-2002 and ISA-Camp 2008-2009), analyzing data from 941 and 2,637 individuals 18 years and older, respectively. Socio-demographic variables were used to characterize the study population. Prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals were estimated, and comparisons were performed by prevalence ratios adjusted for sex, age, and education, obtained by Poisson regression with robust variance. Statistically significant differences were observed for prevalence of morbidity, medication, smoking, and lifetime Pap smear and mammogram. Surveillance of health indicators by repeated surveys in the same population can facilitate monitoring goals and objectives by providing support to plan public health interventions.

Comparação das estimativas de prevalência de indicadores de saúde no Município de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil, nos anos de 2001/2002 (ISA-SP) e 2008/2009 (ISA-Camp) / Comparison of prevalence estimates for health indicators in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil, in 2001-2002 (ISA-SP) and 2008-2009 (ISA-Camp) / Comparación de las estimaciones de prevalencia en los indicadores de salud en Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil, durante los años 2001/2002 (ISA-SP) y 2008/2009 (ISA-Camp)

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar estimativas da prevalência de indicadores de saúde para adultos residentes em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil, utilizando dados de inquéritos domiciliares realizados em diferentes períodos de tempo (ISA-SP 2001/2002 e ISA-Camp 2008/2009), com amostras de 941 e 2.637 indivíduos de 18 anos e mais, respectivamente. Variáveis sociodemográficas caracterizaram a população estudada. Foram estimadas prevalências e seus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança e as comparações foram realizadas pelas razões de prevalência ajustadas por sexo, idade e escolaridade, obtidas pela regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram observadas para as prevalências de: morbidade referida, uso de medicamentos, percentual dos que nunca fumaram, realização dos exames de Papanicolaou e de mamografia, alguma vez na vida. O acompanhamento de indicadores de saúde por inquéritos repetidos em uma mesma população pode facilitar o monitoramento de objetivos e metas fornecendo subsídios ao planejamento de ações em saúde.

The aim of the study was to compare prevalence estimates of health indicators for adults living in Campinas, São Paulo State, using data from two household surveys (ISA-SP 2001-2002 and ISA-Camp 2008-2009), analyzing data from 941 and 2,637 individuals 18 years and older, respectively. Socio-demographic variables were used to characterize the study population. Prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals were estimated, and comparisons were performed by prevalence ratios adjusted for sex, age, and education, obtained by Poisson regression with robust variance. Statistically significant differences were observed for prevalence of morbidity, medication, smoking, and lifetime Pap smear and mammogram. Surveillance of health indicators by repeated surveys in the same population can facilitate monitoring goals and objectives by providing support to plan public health interventions.

El objetivo del estudio fue comparar las estimaciones de prevalencia en los indicadores de salud para los adultos que viven en Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil, con datos de encuestas de diferentes períodos de tiempo (ISA-SP 2001/2002 y ISA-Camp 2008/2009), con muestras de 941 y 2.637 personas de 18 años y más, respectivamente. Las variables sociodemográficas caracterizaron a la población de estudio. Se estimaron la prevalencia y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95% y las comparaciones se realizaron por razones de prevalencia ajustadas por sexo, edad y educación, obtenidas mediante la regresión de Poisson. Se observaron diferencias estadísticas en la prevalencia de morbilidad, uso de medicamentos, el porcentaje de quienes nunca habían fumado, la realización de citologías vaginales y mamografías, en algún momento de sus vidas. El seguimiento de los indicadores de salud, a través de encuestas repetidas en la misma población, puede facilitar el seguimiento de las metas y objetivos y contribuir a la planificación de acciones de salud.

[Within-person variance of the energy and nutrient intake in adolescents: data adjustment in epidemiological studies]. / Variância intrapessoal da ingestão de energia e nutrientes em adolescentes: correção de dados em estudos epidemiológicos.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to calculate within-person variance component of the energy and nutrient intake that can be useful to adjust intake distribution from adolescents when is available only a single 24-hour recall for each participant. It will also give an example of its use in the intake distribution adjustment in adolescents from another sample. METHODS: It was used 24 hour recall from 215 adolescents living in São Paulo, Brazil. The variance components were estimated using the Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE). It was made a model for each nutrient and sex of which were included covariates for day and month of intake and weight variable as well. RESULTS: The within-person variance component ranged from 0.55 for mono saturated fat (female) up to 0.96 for folate (male). I was found higher values regarding to macronutrient and energy for males. In the example of the use of the variance component, it was estimated the distribution of intake of vitamin B6 with less bias, when compared to the distribution with no adjustment. CONCLUSION: These results can be used to estimate habitual energy and nutrient intake for adolescent population when it is only a single dietary measurement.

Variância intrapessoal da ingestão de energia e nutrientes em adolescentes: correção de dados em estudos epidemiológicos / Within-person variance of the energy and nutrient intake in adolescents: data adjustment in epidemiological studies

OBJETIVO: Este artigo objetiva fornecer valores de componentes de variância intrapessoal da ingestão de energia e nutrientes que possibilita estimar a ingestão habitual em adolescentes, em inquéritos dietéticos quando há disponível somente um recordatório de 24 horas para cada indivíduo. Também será fornecido um exemplo de sua aplicação na correção da distribuição da ingestão de nutrientes proveniente de adolescentes de outro estudo. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados recordatórios de 24 horas de 215 adolescentes do município de São Paulo. Os componentes de variância foram estimados utilizando o Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE). Para cada nutriente foi construído um modelo, estratificado por sexo, que inclui o dia e o mês da coleta, e variáveis de ponderação. RESULTADOS: Os componentes de variância intrapessoal variaram de 0,55 para gordura mono-saturada (sexo feminino) a 0,96 para o folato (sexo masculino). Entre os macronutrientes e energia foram observados valores mais elevados para o sexo masculino. No exemplo da aplicação do componente de variância, foi estimada a distribuição da ingestão de vitamina B6 com menos viés comparada à distribuição sem a correção. CONCLUSÃO: Estes dados podem ser utilizados na estimativa da ingestão habitual de energia e nutrientes e cálculo da prevalência de inadequação em adolescentes de populações semelhantes, quando há disponível somente um recordatório de 24 horas para cada indivíduo do estudo. .

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to calculate within-person variance component of the energy and nutrient intake that can be useful to adjust intake distribution from adolescents when is available only a single 24-hour recall for each participant. It will also give an example of its use in the intake distribution adjustment in adolescents from another sample. METHODS: It was used 24 hour recall from 215 adolescents living in São Paulo, Brazil. The variance components were estimated using the Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE). It was made a model for each nutrient and sex of which were included covariates for day and month of intake and weight variable as well. RESULTS: The within-person variance component ranged from 0.55 for mono saturated fat (female) up to 0.96 for folate (male). I was found higher values regarding to macronutrient and energy for males. In the example of the use of the variance component, it was estimated the distribution of intake of vitamin B6 with less bias, when compared to the distribution with no adjustment. CONCLUSION: These results can be used to estimate habitual energy and nutrient intake for adolescent population when it is only a single dietary measurement. .

Added sugars: consumption and associated factors among adults and the elderly. São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate added sugar intake, main dietary sources and factors associated with excessive intake of added sugar. METHODS: A population-based household survey was carried out in São Paulo, the largest city in Brazil. Cluster sampling was performed and the study sample comprised 689 adults and 622 elderly individuals. Dietary intake was estimated based on a 24-hour food recall. Usual nutrient intake was estimated by correcting for the within-person variance of intake using the Iowa State University (ISU) method. Linear regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with added sugar intake. RESULTS: Average of energy intake (EI) from added sugars was 9.1% (95% CI: 8.9%; 9.4%) among adults and 8.4% (95% CI: 8.2%; 8.7%) among the elderly (p < 0.05). Average added sugar intake (% EI) was higher among women than among men (p < 0.05). Soft drink was the main source of added sugar among adults, while table sugar was the main source of added sugar among the elderly. Added sugar intake increased with age among adults. Moreover, higher socioeconomic level was associated with added sugar intake in the same group. CONCLUSIONS: Added sugar intake is higher among younger adults of higher socioeconomic level. Soft drink and table sugar accounted for more than 50% of the sugar consumed.

Added sugars: consumption and associated factors among adults and the elderly. São Paulo, Brazil / Açúcares de adição: consumo e fatores associados entre adultos e idosos. São Paulo, Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To investigate added sugar intake, main dietary sources and factors associated with excessive intake of added sugar. METHODS: A population-based household survey was carried out in São Paulo, the largest city in Brazil. Cluster sampling was performed and the study sample comprised 689 adults and 622 elderly individuals. Dietary intake was estimated based on a 24-hour food recall. Usual nutrient intake was estimated by correcting for the within-person variance of intake using the Iowa State University (ISU) method. Linear regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with added sugar intake. RESULTS: Average of energy intake (EI) from added sugars was 9.1% (95% CI: 8.9%; 9.4%) among adults and 8.4% (95% CI: 8.2%; 8.7%) among the elderly (p < 0.05). Average added sugar intake (% EI) was higher among women than among men (p < 0.05). Soft drink was the main source of added sugar among adults, while table sugar was the main source of added sugar among the elderly. Added sugar intake increased with age among adults. Moreover, higher socioeconomic level was associated with added sugar intake in the same group. CONCLUSIONS: Added sugar intake is higher among younger adults of higher socioeconomic level. Soft drink and table sugar accounted for more than 50% of the sugar consumed.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o consumo alimentar, principais fontes dietéticas e fatores associados à ingestão acima da recomendação de açúcares de adição. MÉTODOS: Um inquérito populacional domiciliar foi realizado em São Paulo, a maior cidade do Brasil. A população de estudo foi obtida por um processo de amostragem por conglomerados e composta por 689 adultos e 622 idosos. O consumo alimentar foi estimado por um recordatório de 24 horas. Os valores nutricionais foram ajustados pela variância intra pessoal, utilizando o método instituído pela Universidade de Iowa (ISU). A regressão linear foi conduzida para identificar os fatores associados ao consumo de açúcares de adição s. RESULTADOS: A média de energia proveniente dos açúcares de adição foi de 9,1% (IC 95%: 8,9%; 9,4%) entre adultos e 8,4% (IC 95%: 8,2%; 8,7%) entre idosos (p < 0,05). A média do consumo de açúcares de adição foi maior entre mulheres quando comparada à dos homens (p < 0,05). A principal fonte de açúcares de adição foi refrigerante entre adultos, enquanto que entre idosos foi açúcar de mesa. O consumo de açúcares de adição aumentou conforme a idade entre adultos. Além disso, o alto nível socioeconomico esteve associado com o consumo de açúcares de adição entre adultos. CONCLUSÕES: O consumo de açúcares de adição é maior entre adultos de nível socioeconômico alto. Refrigerantes e açúcares de mesa são responsáveis por mais de 50% do consumo de açúcares.

Avaliação da adequação da ingestão de nutrientes na prática clínica / Assessment of nutrient intake adequacy in clinical practice

OBJETIVO: Para se avaliar a adequação da ingestão de nutrientes, é necessário determinar qual é a quantidade necessária para as funções normais do indivíduo, bem como a sua ingestão habitual. A necessidade de nutrientes varia de indivíduo para indivíduo, assumindo um coeficiente de variação de 10 por cento a 15 por cento. Além disso, a ingestão individual está sujeita à variação de consumo no dia a dia, conhecida como variabilidade intrapessoal. Considerando que as informações sobre a variação intrapessoal disponíveis na literatura são as da população norte-americana, este estudo tem dois objetivos: (1) disponibilizar valores de desvio-padrão intrapessoal de ingestão de nutrientes estimados em população brasileira, que possam ser aplicados no cálculo da adequação da ingestão de nutrientes; e (2) oferecer valores teóricos que apoiem a tomada de decisão, na prática clínica, quanto à adequação da ingestão de nutrientes selecionados por um indivíduo, calculados com base nos desvios-padrão encontrados e com três níveis de confiabilidade. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados de adolescentes, adultos e idosos que participaram do inquérito de saúde de base populacional no município de São Paulo (Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo). Foram entrevistados 865 indivíduos, que responderam a um recordatório de 24 horas, replicados em uma subamostra de 294 sujeitos. Esses dados foram utilizados para o cálculo do desvio-padrão por meio de modelos de efeitos aleatórios. RESULTADOS: Os coeficientes estimados variaram de 40 por cento para o zinco, a 127 por cento para a vitamina C. CONCLUSÃO: Os desvios-padrão encontrados podem ser utilizados na avaliação quantitativa da adequação da ingestão de vitamina E, B6, tiamina, riboflavina, cálcio, magnésio, ferro, zinco, sódio, folato e niacina, propiciando mais um elemento formativo do diagnóstico do estado nutricional.

OBJECTIVE: Quantitative assessment of nutrient intake requires knowing how much of the nutrient is needed for the normal functions of the individual and his or her habitual intake. Nutrient requirements vary between individuals; the assumed coefficient of variation is 10 to 15 percent. Individual intake is subject to variation of daily intake, which is known as intrapersonal variability. Currently, information on intrapersonal variation in the literature refers to the American population. This study has two objectives: 1) determine the intrapersonal standard deviation of nutrient intake for the Brazilian population that can be used for calculating the adequacy of nutrient intake; and 2) offer theoretical values that support decision making in clinical practice regarding the adequacy of nutrient intake selected by an individual, based on standard deviations and with three levels of reliability. METHODS: Data from teenagers, adults and elderly individuals who participated in the population-based health survey done in the city of São Paulo were used. These individuals (n=865) answered a 24-hour recall, replicated in a subsample of 294 individuals. These data were used for calculating the standard deviation using random effects models. RESULTS: The estimated coefficients varied from 40 percent for zinc to 127 percent for vitamin C. CONCLUSION: The standard deviations can be used for the assessment of quantitative intake adequacies of vitamin E, pyridoxine, thiamin, riboflavin, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, folate and niacin. Hence, one more element for nutritional status diagnosis is made available for clinical assessment.

[Aging and self-reported hearing loss: a population-based study]. / Envelhecimento e deficiência auditiva referida: um estudo de base populacional.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of self-reported hearing loss among elderly people in São Paulo, Brazil, according to socio-demographic characteristics and to identify associated factors. Data were from the São Paulo Health Survey (ISA-Capital 2003), and the subgroup of elderly (n = 872) was analyzed. The χ(2) test was used to verify the association between self-reported hearing loss and socio-demographic characteristics. The statistical analyses used Poisson regression. Prevalence of self-reported hearing loss in the elderly was 11.2%, and was higher in men (PR = 1.86; 95%CI: 1.19-2.92). There was an important lack of knowledge among the elderly regarding the causes of their hearing loss (42.5%). Among the sample, 25.5% reported difficulties in leisure-time activities and 11.4% needed help in routine activities, while 63.3% required no assistance due to their impairment. The high prevalence of self-reported hearing loss in the elderly, especially in men, highlights the importance of this public health problem. Population aging is a new reality, placing increasing demands on healthcare professionals and government.

Envelhecimento e deficiência auditiva referida: um estudo de base populacional / Aging and self-reported hearing loss: a population-based study

O objetivo do estudo foi estimar a prevalência da deficiência auditiva referida por idosos do Município de São Paulo, Brasil, segundo características sociodemográficas e descrever características atribuídas a esta deficiência. Os dados são provenientes do Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo (ISA-Capital/2003), com análise do subgrupo dos idosos (n = 872). Realizaram-se o teste do χ2 e a análise de regressão de Poisson. A prevalência da deficiência auditiva referida pelos idosos foi 11,2 por cento e foi maior entre os homens (RP = 1,86; IC95 por cento: 1,19-2,92). Observou-se grande desconhecimento dos idosos quanto às causas da deficiência auditiva referida (42,5 por cento), 25,5 por cento relataram ter dificuldades em atividades de lazer, 11,4 por cento necessitavam de ajuda para atividades cotidianas e 63,3 por cento relataram não necessitar de assistência em decorrência deste déficit. A alta prevalência de deficiência auditiva referida pelos idosos, principalmente do sexo masculino, remete à relevância deste problema para a saúde pública, já que o envelhecimento populacional é uma realidade nova e vem acompanhada de exigências ainda desconhecidas por profissionais e pelo poder público.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of self-reported hearing loss among elderly people in São Paulo, Brazil, according to socio-demographic characteristics and to identify associated factors. Data were from the São Paulo Health Survey (ISA-Capital 2003), and the subgroup of elderly (n = 872) was analyzed. The χ2 test was used to verify the association between self-reported hearing loss and socio-demographic characteristics. The statistical analyses used Poisson regression. Prevalence of self-reported hearing loss in the elderly was 11.2 percent, and was higher in men (PR = 1.86; 95 percentCI: 1.19-2.92). There was an important lack of knowledge among the elderly regarding the causes of their hearing loss (42.5 percent). Among the sample, 25.5 percent reported difficulties in leisure-time activities and 11.4 percent needed help in routine activities, while 63.3 percent required no assistance due to their impairment. The high prevalence of self-reported hearing loss in the elderly, especially in men, highlights the importance of this public health problem. Population aging is a new reality, placing increasing demands on healthcare professionals and government.

Socio-economic variables influence the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake in Brazilian adolescents: results from a population-based survey.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake among adolescents and the association between socio-economic variables and nutritional status. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with a population-based sample. SETTINGS: The usual nutrient intake distribution was estimated using the Iowa State University method. The Estimated Average Requirement cut-off point method was used to determine the proportion of adolescents with inadequate intake for each nutrient, according to sex, income, parental educational level and nutritional status. SUBJECTS: Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were applied in 525 male and female Brazilian adolescents aged 14-18 years. RESULTS: The highest prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake was observed for vitamin E (99 % in both sexes). For male and female adolescents, the prevalence of inadequate intake was: Mg, 89 % and 84 %; vitamin A, 78 % and 71 %; vitamin C, 79 % and 53 %; and vitamin B6, 21 % and 33 %, respectively. The prevalence of inadequate intake for niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, Se, Cu and vitamin B12 was <15 %. Individuals in the lower income and lower parental educational level strata had the highest risk of having inadequate intake for P, riboflavin and vitamins A, B6 and B12. Compared with non-overweight individuals, overweight individuals had a higher risk of inadequate intake for Mg, vitamin A, P, thiamin and riboflavin. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found a high prevalence of inadequate intake of nutrients that are recognised as being protective against chronic diseases. Adolescents in the lower income and lower parental educational level strata were less likely to have their nutrient intake requirements met.